Course no.:- 13 “The New literature”

Course no.:- 13 “The New literature” 

Total words: - 1,973 

• Contents

Love, Friendship and death in the novel “Harry Potter”. 3

 Abstract:- 3

 Acknowledgements:- 4

 Introduction:- 5

 The Death Eaters:- 5

 Rebirth of Voldemort:- 5

 Love, Family & Friendship:- 6

 Friendship:- 7

 Conclusion:- 7

 Bibliography:- 8

"Love, Friendship and death in the novel “Harry Potter” 

· Abstract:-



                                                            In her seven-book Harry Potter series, Rowling writes her imagination world on the pages which there were specifically not indicated about religion and god but there were she try to put satirical way some kind of her thought which still remain great sense of morality and love. Through her seven-books of Harry Potter series, J.K. Rowling specifically focused on death or love so that life is not about avoiding death rather about following the journey of daily life and try to living fully through love and joy. Here J.K. Rowling expressed of reader with a world in which life and death occupy a luminal space. Throughout the seven series, Rowling put a secret that how the reader read between the two lines. How the lines between life and death are blurred, and how human souls are the connection and gateway to the after life. That was a universal view into child- young adult literature, and also created arguments against today’s society. Moreover, J.K. Rowling interpreted that the reader has clear idea of what happens to the soul after death: morally good souls have a chance to go on to another space after death, while souls mutilated by evil simply cease to be. Here through character of Valdemort or Harry potter represented that how morality or death works into the life. This is a compelling thought, especially in the twenty-first century as many people are moving away from organized religion, but still want to believe in a sense of life after death. Rowling has not limited to a traditional Christian framework and she was therefore able to investigate her own ideas of morality and the afterlife in a unique way. Ultimately, she reveals the world of the dead is connected to the world of the living in a wonderful way: death is not something to be feared but rather we should fear a life lived without love. So at the end of the seven series we can justify that love to everyone, even love to death rather than hate.


· Acknowledgements:-



                                                           I want to thank to my family members, friends, classmate, teachers, relatives and Pro. Dilip barad sir for always enthusiastically supporting me, listening to me talk about this assignments and especially when I was talking about it instead of actually doing it and also spending more times and give me some kind of guideline. One of the my primary teacher who telling the story of Harry Potter into the class before I even knew what it was and in the M.A. level I got some clue which I never get during primary level. Reading and watching the series of Harry Potter and so many more books out loud when I was a in post graduation at that time all the characters will always stay with me so thank you to all who for your constant support, encouragement, and inspiration! Prakruti, I came to you with a dream of writing my assignments about Harry Potter as a based on love, death and friendship. Thank you to all for your enthusiasm and help to make this assignment as a reality.

· Introduction:-



                                                      The Harry Potter’s seven series was an international phenomenon which connected with readers on many levels. Forbes magazine lists Rowling as the first person to become a millionaire by writing books, and as the second richest woman in entertainment in the world (Gibbs 1). “Now translated into 65 languages, the books have joined a canon that stretches from Cinderella to Star Wars, giving people a way to discuss culture and commerce, politics and values” (Gibbs 3). This fame has also opened Rowling up to harsh criticism. Jack Zips, author of Sticks and Stones: The Troublesome Success of Children's Literature from Slovenly Peter to Harry Potter, distrusts the phenomenon and thinks that the success of the Harry Potter series says something distressing about our society. He calls the books ordinary, conventional, and predictable and the writing “nothing exceptional”.


· The Death Eaters:-



“It’s what You-Know-Who’s supporters called themselves. I think we saw what’s left of them tonight - the ones who managed to keep themselves out of Azkaban, anyway.”
-- Bill Weasley (GF9)

· Rebirth of Voldemort:-



                                                            When I first time see series of Harry potter there were the Death Eaters formally converged at that time their master’s rebirthing ceremony in the Little Hangleton graveyard. If you want to understand that who was Death Eaters and where present during the end of the series so you have to remain alert during reading or watching the all series because somewhere death eater remain present physically so some where remain mentally. Throughout the end of the series I notify so many characters who played role of as a death eater like, Lucius Malfoy, Walden Macnair, Avery, Crabbe, Goyle, Nott, and Peter Pettigrew.
                                                        Moreover I have to say that, in the end of the series there was one conflict about ‘Half-Blood Prince’. At the end Snape who also remain among the Death Eaters who did not go to Azkaban for their crimes. For the better understanding here mentioned examples like Lucius Malfoy, the Carrows and Yaxley. One of scene in the series of Harry Potter that when element of Save for Lucius, there were three more Death Eaters present that, since they weren’t in Azkaban, would likely have Appareled to the Dark Lord’s side on that summer night; In the cases of the Carrow siblings, Alecto and Amycus, and Corban Yaxley. Now here’s where my speculation may be inaccurate. There is one more Death Eater that I believe was also there that night: Selwyn. This male Death Eater accompanied Travers to Xenophilius Lovegood’s house when he turned in Harry Potter to the Ministry. And according to Umbridge, the Selwyn family was an old pure-blood one. I suspected that he did not go to Azkaban. 

                                                       Now, Selwyn could have easily been switched with either of these two. However, I think Gibbon went to Azkaban after the first wizarding war because Remus Lupin recognized him during the Battle of the Astronomy Tower. I could be wrong, but Lupin probably recalled his face from the wanted posters of the Azkaban escapees more than a year before.
                                                        However at the end as we know Harry must die, that in the end he will walk into Voldemort’s presence and lay down his life for his friends for all his friends, not only Ron, Hermione, and Neville, but all the students at Hogwarts and all their families and all the wizards and Muggles in the world. He will die in order that others may live.

· Love, Family & Friendship:-


                                                      “ The Sorcerer’s stone” normally based on love, friendship and family because in this part there were many examples which prove the themes of love, friendship and family like Harry’s parents James and Lily who love their child and also Harry missed out all time his parents. When he was child at that time he treated under the terribly. Moreover while Potter goes to at Hogwarts at that time he has
                                                        There is no vainglory in what he does, no posturing and no sense of histrionics. Dumbledore has told him often enough: he loves. It is the reason he can defeat the evil Lord Voldemort who lacks the power to understand love and who laughs at Harry because he knows it motivates him. It is the reason Harry can walk calmly and deliberately into the maw of death and lay down his life.

                                                        Rowling understands the connection between friendship and love, the mystery at the heart of the gospel. She makes the statement through a fanciful ceiling in the home of Xenophilus Lovegood the name is important— when Harry visits the Lovegood home and is captivated by the scene at the head of the stairs. Climbing the stairs, he examines the painting on the ceiling and sees his own portrait in it his and Ron’s and Hermione’s and Neville’s. In its beauty and grandeur it is like a ceiling by Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel. 

· Friendship:-



                                                            At Hogwarts, the wizarding school, Harry fell in with a coterie of very special close friends Hermione Granger, Ron Weasley, and Neville Longbottom who often remind us of Jesus’ inner circle of disciples, Peter, James, and John. Ron is the stubborn, blustering Peter.


· Conclusion:-



                                                            As we know that at the end of The Deathly Hallows Harry Potter walked in the forest Potter ready to die, but once again becomes the boy who lives. It was not potter’s ability to defeat death although his ability to accept mortality that’s matter made him to the Master of Death. Another things is that Potter who was the only wizard who has strength to possess all three of the Deathly Hallows: the Invisibility Cloak, the Elder Wand, and the Resurrection Stone. Here J. K.Rowling used death as a major theme may cause some trepidation for parents but it was exactly these more sinister themes that make the story so important for children to read. Moreover, it was vital that children learn how to negotiate the world on their own. Children cannot be shielded from death; it was prevalence throughout our lives in real-life experiences. Death and dying were as a part of the human conditions and children must have to know to figure out how to cope with that. The books have full of lessons in morality or how the choices you have to helped to create who you are?. In the seven series books also created boundaries or questions of good and evil. At the end of the all parts, Harry potter and his friends fight to preserved what was worsted living for in the world and All the characters also ready willing to sacrifice themselves for the good of wizards, Muggles, and other creatures alike. In the last part of “The Deathly Hallows” after learning what his fate will be, Harry does not try to cheat death. Harry potter felt that his purposed was that save others, help to others but not only just his family and friends. Harry ready to sacrificed himself willingly for the good of humanity and maybe we would like to think same like Harry potter. As a preface to the last book Rowling quotes William Penn:

                                                           “Death is but crossing the world, as friends do the seas; they live in one another still…This is the comfort of friends, that though they may be said to die, yet their friendship and society are, in the best sense, ever present, because immortal”.

- William Penn



                                                    From Jesus to William Penn and now to J. K. Rowling, this is the truth that shines like a precious gem at the center of humanity’s long struggle for meaning and justification. Love genuine caring and involvement in the lives of others is the key to our very existence!


· Bibliography:-



Killinger, John. Love, Death, and Friendship in the Harry Potter Novels. Ed. St. Martin’s Press. 2002. (New York: St. Martin’s Press). 5 March 2020 <https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/61116.pdf>.

Liam. The Death Eaters. Ed. William Silvester, Michele Worley and Beth Steve VanderArk. 10 April 2017 . 5 March 2020 <https://www.hp-lexicon.org/category/essays/>.

Park, Johannah Katherine. "Master of Death:Love and Spirituality in the Harry Potter Series ." Harvard University’s DASH 2017-08-10 ( 2017 ): Page-1 to 55.

Course no.:- 15 “Mass communication and Media studies’”

Course no.:- 15 

“Mass communication and Media studies’” 

Total words: - 2513

• Contents

“Cinema studies, genre and impact on the society”. 3

 Abstract:- 3

 Acknowledgements:- 4

 Introduction:- 5

 Basic Classification of film:- 5

 Literary genre criticism:- 6

 Power of patriarchy in “ Bahubali”:- 6

 New Historicism in “Tanaji”,:- 6

 Nowadays cinema:- 7

 Purpose of cinema:- 7

 Ara of Amir khan:- 7

 The Multiplex culture :- 8

 Desire of Audience:- 9

 21st Century – globalization and 3D movies:- 9

 Conclusion:- 10

Bibliography:- 10

“Cinema studies, genre and impact on the society” 

•  Abstract:-

                                                                      As we know that Nowadays, Indian cinema is becoming one of the oldest world cinemas and also known for the largest in terms of output If its evolution in parallel to the Western cinema with little crossover until very recently leaves a lot of Western moviegoers with the impression that it’s daunting and inscrutable. But with a few simple guidelines, any American movie buff should be able to explore Indian cinema particularly when it comes to the massive Hindi-language industry based in Mumbai commonly known as “Bollywood.” Everything has some specific part which creates new things. Without combination of all things, it’s remaining uncompleted So that Films can classify by the setting, theme, topic, mood, format, target audience or budget…etc. So in the research paper I mentioned about gene, cinema studies,and impact on society with some example of contemporary movies.


· Acknowledgements:-


                                                             I want to thank to my family members, friends, classmate, teachers, relatives and Vaidehi ma’am for always enthusiastically supporting me, listening to me talk about this assignments and especially when I was talking about it instead of actually doing it and also spending more times and give me some kind of guideline. One of the my primary teacher who telling about cinema into the class before I even knew what it was and in the M.A. level I got some clue which I never get during primary level. Reading and watching movie the series of Harry Potter and so many more books out loud when I was a in post graduation at that time all the characters will always stay with me so thank you to all who for your constant support, encouragement, and inspiration! Prakruti, I came to you with a dream of writing my assignments about cinema studies, genre and impact on society as a based on some contemporary or old movies. Thank you to all for your enthusiasm and help to make this assignment as a reality.


· Introduction:-


                                                                As we know that Nowadays, Indian cinema is becoming one of the oldest world cinemas and also known for the largest in terms of output If its evolution in parallel to the Western cinema with little crossover until very recently leaves a lot of Western moviegoers with the impression that it’s daunting and inscrutable. But with a few simple guidelines, any American movie buff should be able to explore Indian cinema particularly when it comes to the massive Hindi-language industry based in Mumbai commonly known as “Bollywood.”

· Basic Classification of film:-



A) Setting

B) Mood

C) Themes

D) Topic

E) Format

F) Target audience

G) Budget

H)Manner of Presentation


                                                         Everything has some specific part which creates new things. Without combination of all things, it’s remaining uncompleted So that Films can classify by the setting, theme, topic, mood, format, target audience or budget…etc. The setting is the milieu or environment where the story and action takes place e.g., Hallaro, Chapak, Tanaji film, a Western film or a space opera film. The themes or topics of the movie which refers to the issues or concepts that the film revolves around e.g., Dangal, Gold movie or crime film. The mood is the emotional tone of the film which matter a lot on the audience. There are various kind of mood like, comedy film, horror film or tearjerker film. Format refers to the way the film was shot like long short, camera movements, anamorphic widescreen or the manner of presentation like, 35 mm, 16 mm or 8 mm. Additional ways of categorizing film genres is by the target audience so that Sensor board declared certificated which based on children's film, teen film or women's film or by type of production like B movie, big-budget blockbuster or low-budget film.


· Literary genre criticism:-



                                                         A film genre which known as motion picture which work based on similarities in either the narrative elements or the emotional response to the film. In the film used various kind of genre like serious, comic… etc generally filmed work through various kinds of theories and some time film genre are borrowed from literary genre criticism. In the cinema world the basic genres include fiction and documentary or sometime used current issue or history There are put subgenres or have emerged from the such as docudrama. Other subgenres included the courtroom and trial-focused drama known as the legal drama. There are Types of fiction which may be unrelated or may be combined to form hybrid subgenres. Such as the melding of horror and comedy in the Evil Dead films. Other popular commenting are the romantic comedy and the action comedy film are more famous.


· Power of patriarchy in “ Bahubali”:-

                                                     As we know that Bahubali was a series of two movies about kingdoms and betrayals. It is a story about a young prince's quest to find his parents, and rightful place, as the heir to the throne. Despite the brilliant cinematography, we find the blockbuster to be heavily male-dominated with traditional sex role typing that tries to reflect the social norms of a mythical age and subtly reinforce the idea of gender and the absolute power of patriarchy. This perpetuation of stereotypes in movies that are based on myths and fantasies may seem to have no direct link to social reality. However, the effect and the influence of films on the viewers are far too great to be ignored.

• · New Historicism in “Tanaji”,:- 

                                                         Stephen Greenblatt’s Renaissance self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare (1980) does a New Historicist reading of Renaissance plays, revealing how self fashioning was an episteme of the era, as depicted in the portraits and literature of the time. Analyzing the nature of power, Foucault expounds that power defines what is truth, knowledge, normalcy Foucault observes that history is characterized by gaps and fissures and that the history, rather than write in a coherent manner. New Historicism, an approach which believes and insists that all systems of thought and literary texts must be situated within a historical perspective, has been significantly influenced by the ideas of Derridean post-structuralism, Althusserian Marxism and Bakhtinian dialogism. Recently those entire movies normally based on history which put the character or character’s verdures or bravery in front of audience which hiding by others. So nowadays try to looking history new way try to deconstructed film. While the concept "textuality of history and historicity of texts", may be said to have drawn from the Derridean belief that there is nothing outside the text and reality is textualized.

•  Nowadays cinema:-

                                                           As per my reading that nowadays hindi cinema become rootes of society. “Cinema” is a like term which deep rooted in our society that even a five year old kid could explain you the meanings of the same. Films is popular medium of mass communication and one of the biggest revenue earners for the country. This Journey began on July 7, 1896, when Lumiere brothers of France organized a show of their short films like “The sea bath‟. This event was described aptly by the Times of India as, “Magic of the Century” and has truly left the Indians hooked.

•  Purpose of cinema:-

                                                      The production, narration, technology, characters, advertising, exhibition and even the purpose of cinema changed yet the cinema remained. The Hindi cinema has crossed over many paths The contemporary period of Hindi cinema depicts the time frame from the late 1990s to the present 21st century. The word “ Contemporary has own meaning that “ Current” or “ Present” time. Nowadays, the film business is more closely integrated with other sectors of the entertainment industry and the nature of the film audience has also changed dramatically. Not only has the modes of making of films changed but the narrative style and the script of the movies have become more in tune with the present day demands and aspirations. Even, the father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi (bapu) viewed cinema as a corrupting influence, and could not envisage a role for it in the construction of a swadeshi culture.No have become an essential part of modern life and they can be used with greater advantage for educational purposes… so far greater stress has been laid on a type of film, which presumably is supposed to be entertaining, but the standard or quality of which is not high. I hope that the industry will consider now in terms of meeting the standards and of aiming at producing high-class films that have educational and social values.

· Ara of Amir khan:-


                                                            This was just the beginning of the contemporary period of Hindi cinema and Hindi cinema was achieving new heights of excellence, the varied movies has proven that hindi cinema is now mature enough and has learnt to take risks. With the films like Tare Zameen Par (2007) and Chak de India (2007) which contains no heroine, no romance, no sex, no violence and yet they have become blockbusters, the success itself is testimony to the fact that the Indian audience has changed and so is the Indian filmmaking process.
                                                      Indian Cinema has had a long and illustrious run, even more than a century. In this century-long journey of twists and turns, there have been a few actors who have really made a lasting impact on the Indian society as a whole – one of them is Aamir Khan. After an initial start as the quintessential loverboy, Aamir Khan took measures to make movies having a social bearing as well. In this last decade of Indian Cinema‘s century, Aamir Khan has left an indelible mark on the pages of Indian Cinematic history. A lot of Aamir Khan‘s movies have significant social and societal undertones; they revolve around social issues and show the face of contemporary Indian society.

                                                        Taare Zameen Par “Har bachche ki apni khoobi hoti hai, apni kabiliyat hoti hai, apni chahat hoti hai…” -Taare Zameen Par 217 Story of Taare Zameen Par The film starts with a scene where Ishaan Nandkishore Awasthi (played by Darsheel Safary) catches a fish from a local pond using his socks and capturesit in his waterbottle; suddenly, the school bus conductor comes and scolds him that because of his carelessness, the whole bus had to wait for quite some time. This scene, in a nutshell, is the summation of the problems that Ishaan faces. The child is not doing anything wrong; he is an epitome of innocence. However, it also shows that this small boy has its own world and he is completely engrossed in it.
                                                            This is where the term youth icon and its importance comes in. Time and again, Aamir Khan has been voted as a youth icon on various fora and ceremonies. Apart from the social activities that Aamir Khan has undertaken, his movies have 187 been the primary drivers behind positioning him as a youth icon. Aamir Khan has always been a responsible actor and has ensured that after achieving stardom, he takes extra care in deciding which films to do and which not to. Aamir Khan‘s movies have always been youth-centric. his movies were majorly romantic in genre; consequently, his movies and the central theme of rebellious, young love became very popular. For example, his movie Dangle.

• · The Multiplex culture :-

                                                          In the contemporary period of Hindi Cinema there has been a recent transition to multiplex exhibition of films. The multiplex theater is an exhibition space designed for multiple screenings. India‘s first multiplex, opened in New Delhi in 1997 and from then on the Multiplex sector in India has seen phenomenal growth especially over the last few years. The advent of Multiplexes has been like a hard blow to the single screens. The Multiplexes which generally open inside big Shopping malls seek a middle class audience primarily located in urban areas. [Source: Internet]


· Desire of Audience:-


                                                       The audience of the contemporary period has become more mature and adventurous, he is no longer satisfied with one story being presented in novel ways, the need for different issues, angles and narratives has grown. The audience now looks for a combination of genres in a film, movies with a good script and an entertainment value is appreciated, for instance the best example can be 3 Idiots (2009) which was a blockbuster. The movie had everything be it comedy, friendship, romance or a social message all of which were blended in a way to create the perfect mix of a Hindi Blockbuster.
Kamalkumar Sharma attempted a classification system for Indian films by dividing them into 10 genres. These were:

1. Ballad Films

2. Play films and musical films

3. Cartoon films

4. Comic films

5. Story films

6. Epic films

7. Church films

8. Art films

9. Jungle films and

10. Fantasy films

· 21st Century – globalization and 3D movies:-


                                                       There has been an increasing globalization of cinema during this decade, with foreign-language films gaining popularity in English-speaking markets. Examples of such films include Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (Mandarin), Amelie (French), Lagaan (Hindi), Spirited Away (Japanese), City of God (Portuguese), The Passion of the Christ (Aramaic), Apocalypto (Mayan), Slumdog Millionaire (a third in Hindi), and Inglorious Basterds (multiple languages). There has been a revival in 3D film popularity the first being James Cameron’s Ghosts of the Abyss which was released as the first full-length 3-D IMAX feature filmed with the Reality Camera System.


· Conclusion:-


                                                       Cinema films have the power to influence the thinking of the people. They have changed the society and social trends. They have introduced new fashions in society. They may be described as pace-setters. They can create a direct impact on our social life. Films can go a long way towards arousing national consciousness and also in utilising the energies of the youth in social reconstruc­tion and nation-building by a skilful adaption of good moral, social and educative themes, and by introduction of popular sentiments, films can, to a great extent, formulate and guide public opinion. 

• Bibliography:-

Amal, Suresh. "New historical context in the Bhahubali." Research Journal Of English (RJOE) Vol-2.Issue-3 (2017): pp. 1 -4.

Chakravarty, Sumita. "Teaching Indian Cinema." Cinema Journal,JSTOR vol. 47,.No. 1 (2007): pp. 105–108.

Sisodia, Kirti. "A study of Indian cinema in 21st century and social issues a special reference of Aamir Khans cinema." Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET (2014): 239p.

Course no.:- 14 “The African Literature”

Course no.:- 14 

“The African Literature” 

Total words: - 2,362 

• Contents

“The Politics and Spaces of Voice: Ngũgĩ's A Grain of Wheat”. 2

 Abstract:- 2

 Acknowledgements:- 3

 Introduction:- 4

 Social circumstances:- 5

 Betrayed to the British:- 5

 Uhuru Day:- 6

 Mau Mau Oath and Identity:- 6

 Mugo as a hero or betrayal?:- 7

 Who is real enemies?:- 7

 Struggle of Kenya :- 7

 Role of women:- 8

 Conclusion:- 8

 Bibliography:- 9

“The Politics and Spaces of Voice: Ngũgĩ's A Grain of Wheat” 

• · Abstract:-

                                                           Ngũgĩ is a Kenyan writer and academic who write primarily in Kikuyu. If talked about his work so here have to mentioned that his spread horizon into various fields like, novels, plays, short stories, and essays, ranging from literary and social criticism to children's literature. He is the founder and editor of the Kikuyu-language journal Mũtĩiri. His short story The Upright Revolution: or Why Humans Walk Upright is translated into 90 languages from around the world. During his time ‘A Grain of wheat’ more commented by different critics because one of the reasons was, ‘A Grain of Wheat’ satire on political space which may be experienced by him. According to G.D. Killam and Andrew Gurr view it within the post-colonial frame in which ‘received history is tampered with, rewritten, and realigned from the point of view of the victims of its destructive process’. As per their views that Ngugi writes first three novels (Weep Not, Child, the River Between, and A Grain of Wheat) based on Kenya’s history which was time for independence or freedom of Kenya’s people. Ngugi has sense of views political-novelist-historian way that focused on the political background of Kenya which reflected in the novels but normally reader reads ‘A Grain of Wheat’ mostly as a story of heroism and betrayal of human relationships in a chosen situation. Here my assignment focused on political background and space of voice in ‘ A Grain of Wheat’.

Key words:- A Grain of wheat, Political background, Various movement in South Africa.

• · Acknowledgements:-

                                                          I want to thank to my family members, friends, classmate, teachers, relatives for always enthusiastically supporting me, listening to me talk about this assignments and especially when I was talking about it instead of actually doing it and also spending more times and give me some kind of guideline. One of the my post graduate teacher who telling the story of Heart of darkness into the class before I even knew what it was and in the M.A. level I got some kind of different clues which I never get during post graduate level. Reading again and again leads to me read between the lines. When I read some part from the book of ‘ A Grain of Wheat’ and reading some materials from the web sources at that time all the characters will always stay with me and I felt that I became victim of so thank you to all who constant support, encouragement, and inspiration! My dear classmate, I came to you with a dream of writing my assignments about ‘A Grain of Wheat’ as a based Political, historical and space of voice into the novel. Thank you to all for your enthusiasm and help to make this assignment as a reality!

• · Introduction:-

                                                         Ngugi has presented his ideas on various factors like as literature, culture and politics through the novels, essays and lectures which is collaboration in

A) Homecoming (1972),

B) Writers in Politics (1981),

C) Barrel of a Pen (1983),

D) Moving the Centre (1993), and

E) Penpoints, Gunpoints, and Dreams (1998).

                                                   In Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature, Ngugi mentioned that African-language literature as the only authentic voice for Africans and stated his own intention of writing into only in Kikuyu or Kiswahili from that point on. Such works earned him a reputation as one of Africa’s most articulate social critics.

                                                   Ngugi’s wrote so many novel, his third novel is ‘ A Grain of Wheat’ which set background at Kenya on the event of Independence deals mainly with the events leading up to Independence. During that time there were the slow awakenings happen about movement and consciousness among the Africans against a background of historical events. That’s culminated in the formation of a party led by Jomo Kenyatta and Harry Thuku in the struggle for freedom.

                                                 However, it was the story of the white men who established their rules and right to suppress the freedom struggle and capture and imprison members of the Mau-Mau. They put them in detention camps where they doing cruelly like physically or mentally tortured for handled to revolt against the colonial government or British government. There were pioneers who dislike the chaos and destruction. They had reasoned nevertheless to see a genuine movement for freedom on the part of the utilized and dispossessed Africans, as subversive and needing repression. As John Thompson, the white administrative secretary writes in his diary:

                                               “No government can tolerate anarchy; no civilization can be built on this violence and savagery. Mau Mau is evil: a movement which if not checked will mean complete destruction of all the values on which our civilization has thriven.”
                                               Let’s discuss about the novel, ‘A Grain of Wheat’ ant try to notice that what extended into the culture of African, experiences and predicament are depicted in it.

• · Social circumstances:-

                                                         Here in the novel Ngugi try to put the social circumstances through his characters of the novel and specially put into the background of a Mau Mau refusal to accept movement against pioneer government which these figures lived their lives. He showed the causes of the refusal to accept and he given very much at pains for example, In the novel one of the character tortured through the speeches and actions who used as the freedom fighter and to make his readers to know the genuineness of the struggle. The background was kept firmly in control. The novelist mainly wants to examine the frailty of human being which was revealed through the states of mind of the characters who the producer of the violence of the independence struggle.

• · Betrayed to the British:-

                                                                   In the novel there were four central characters who are Mugo, Gikonyo, Mumbi, and Karanja. Their dominated by their lives through remembrance of Kihika who was betrayed to the British by one of the villagers and was hanged. His companion in their arms had survived the struggle and come to the village, Thabai for discover the betrayer and to publiccly declare to be wrong him at the Uhuru function.

                                                                  Ngugi has skill of make every moments in to current time and he used flash back technique and the narrative technique, he adopts in conformity with T.S.Eliot Seminal Critical essay, “Tradition and the Individual Talent”. So that he stripped away from the layers of their lives and each character at the end of the novel also stands fully revealed. Out of the recollections of these people we come to know Kihika and understand the motives which made him a forest fighter.

• · Revolution as a betrayed:-

                                                             Uhuru Day celebrted as a solemn day for the people of Thabai in South Africa. A hero’s played role as surveyed and found wanting. Through him the revolution was betrayed. General R. also surveys the causes and achievement of the independence movement. He finds that the revolution has been betrayed: You ask why we fought, why we lived in the forest with wild beasts. You ask why we killed and spilt blood.

                                                             As we know that Human beings sometimes allow themselves to become content with the status quo by going along with what is undemanding or less stressful. That having been said, it is understandable that some individuals would prefer to choose peace rather than violence, especially if it means staying in their comfort zone. This seems to have been the case amongst many of the Kikuyu people during the Mau Mau revolt, as alluded to by Ngugi wa Thiongo in his fictional narrative. In A Grain of Wheat, one of the women (Wumbuka, Kihika’s wife), for instance, tries to talk Kihika out of revolting against the British.

• · Mau Mau Oath and Identity:-

                                                                In the novel’s one of the character Gikonyo’s confession of the Mau Mau Oath is an act of betrayal at the end. He behaved like the other detainees in the prison, he had been demoralized by the cold-blooded murder of Gatu. Betrayal Gikonyo was impact by his desire to join his Mumbi who described as pure, an incorruptible reality in a world of changing shadows. Her purity crashed by him. Gikonyo return home only to be disillusioned. Mumbi became mother of one child by Karanja during his absence. Karanja admited his oath and as a betrayed by his friend’s wife. It is extremely painful to Gikonyo. He says:

                                                           “There is nothing so 132 painful as finding that a friend, or a man you always trusted, has betrayed you.” (122)

                                                            Gikonyo found his identity and fulfillment through his involvement in love with Mumbi. He shifted the identity of ‘purity’ to Mugo, “without realizing that Mugo is not an angel.” According to him,
                                                          “Mugo’s purity, Mumbi’s unfaithfulness, everything had conspired to undermine his manhood.” (123).
                                                           But the fact is that none is pure in the world of adulterated relationships, as delineated in the novel, ‘ A Grain of Wheat’.

• · Mugo as a hero or betrayal?:- 

                                                     

                                                        The novel begins with Uhuru celebration, Here Uhuru means freedom or fight for the independence but in the novel after few days away, Mugo faced with a new challenge: the Party has questioned that he was a hero of the Kenyan struggle who lead to the lJhuru ceremonies in Thabai. He must now came to terms with himself. The only honorable course is to admit to himself his own perfection and frailty and to confess the responsibility for Kihika's death before the village. 

• · Who is real enemies?:-

                                                        The challenges laid before Kihika and Mugo differed in several respects. Kihika's enemy was the British, a plain and external threaded. His strategy was that physical combat in which he risked his life. I contrasted that Mugo's enemy is his own fears and desires, he has an internal, mental struggle in which he may loosed both his life and his fragile honor. Kihika's objective had cleared and straightforward in front of the expulsion of the British but Mugo's had less obvious and he rewarded less certain, for there will be no honor when Mugo true to himself at last, admits his crime.

• · Struggle of Kenya :-

                                                       Kenya was colonized by the British in 1895 and it was not independent until 1963. In the subsequent years of the country struggled to negotiate a post-colonial reality in which the divisions caused by political and economic oppression, the Emergency, violence, racism, exploitation of rivalry and competition amongst Kenyans, and psychological trauma endured and deepened. Even though Ngugi did not take his readers into the days after colonialism, Ngugi hinted at the difficulties the characters will face. Thompson's claimed that Africa will always need Europe may not be true in the sense he wishes it to be, but it was prescient in that Europe's involvement in the region can never fully be erased. Finally, on a more personal level, all of the characters lived or affected by colonialism whether they are in detention camps or the Movement or losing their homes and land or trying to repair their fractured families or dealing with paternalistic colonial administrators. Colonialism is an inescapable reality even after it is ostensibly over.

• · Role of women & Children:-

                                                           Some outsiders probably thought it cruel and barbaric that so many innocent lives were taken during the revolt, especially those of innocent children who had no say or part in the matter. Mowever, thought otherwise and felt that all opposed to the revolt should be put to death. Interestingly, some in the latter group were women who were determined to help in every way they could to end their suffering under British rule.


                                                                  Thus, Ngugi wa Thiong’o insightfully employs fictional characters such as Njeri, Wambuku’s friend, to illustrated that sentiment. Unlike Wambuku who was unwilling to live outside of her comfort zone, Njeri had an entirely different view on the matter. She, though partly out of her love for Kihika, is determined to help Kihika fight against the British in an effort to prevent them from exercising dominance over their land. Even though petite in stature, Njeri was depicted as being robust, detests “women’s weaknesses” and at one stage calls out toward the forest, promising Kihika that she will join him in the fight against the British.
                                                                  Wambui, for example, She was not only a symbolic figure but plays the role of a middle-aged woman who during the revolt, conveys secrets in between the villages and towns to those hiding in the forest. 

• · Conclusion:- 

                                                               At the end inthe conclusion, other hand one can only speculated about what would have happened if the Mau Mau uprising had not taken place. Would Kenya still have been under British rule or would the Kikuyu still have been deprived of their land today? I am of the opinion that Ngugi wa Thiong’o proficiently accomplishes bringing history to life in ‘A Grain of Wheat’. His depiction of the role of women during the Mau Mau emergency was a detailed correspondence of what actually occurred, hence an extremely insightful piece of literature. 

• · Bibliography:-

Dhar, Tej N. " Ngugi’s retrospectiv ospective gaze: The shape of history in" A grain of wheat"." Kunapipi Volume 29.Issue 1 (2007 ): Pages.-1 to 13.

Lotha, Gloria. Ngugi wa Thiong'o. Ed. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 14 February 2020. inc. Encyclopædia Britannica. 05 March 2020 <https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ngugi-wa-Thiongo>.

West-Pavlov, Russell. "“The Politics and Spaces of Voice: Ngũgĩ's A Grain of Wheat and Conrad's Heart of Darkness.”." JSTOR, vol. 44, (2013): pp. 160–175.

Academic tour: Junagadh

Trekking camp: piram bet

Survey on advertisement

financial-committee-lalji

Financial committee lalji from LaljiBaraiya1

Paper no.:- 15 Mass communication and media studies sem 4

Course no. 15 mass communication and media studies lalji from LaljiBaraiya1

Paper no.13 The new literature sem 4

Course no. 13 the new literature from LaljiBaraiya1

Paper no. 14 The African literature Presentation sem- 4

Course no. 14 the african literature from LaljiBaraiya1

Vocabulary task

Vocabulary task from LaljiBaraiya1

Ghashiram kotwal - By Vijay tendulker

Ghashiram kotwal 

- By Vijay Tendulker 

                                      

                                          The play write V. Tendulker is aware of present political scenario. He intends to expose the evils of politics. This is a field where power, sex, and religion are deeply connected. All three combined together makes the situation people horrible directly or indirectly all people are influenced ‘ Ghashiram Kotwal ’ is also a play dominated by these issues.



(1) Ghashiram Kotwal on deputation :-

                                         Ghashiram comes to Poona for his livelihood. He is a Brahman from Kanauj. He begins to work with Gulabi –a prostitute. Name visits her once. Nana’s ankle is hunt. It is seen by Ghashiram. He supports Nana’s foot. He led his back for the supports. for this small action nana is pleased very much. He is able to catch the attention o a great leader like him. Later on he deputies him as the kotwal of the city. it is great position. Power and position both come to him. But Nana is very clever to do so. He has his purposes. 

(1)Nana does not trust his own Brahmin people as many of them are against him.

(2)Ghashiram would be a safe weapon against them as he is outsider.

(3)Being outsider people will not trust Ghashiram.

So in this case he safe from both side.

In any case earthen he could blame Ghashiram or people. Thus Nana is a mastermind. He is selfish.

(2)Ghashiram’s use of politics:-

                                       He has found out that Nana is a lusty man. His visit to Gulabi is an example of thus more over he come to a religious tale. There are women. All of them know that’s why they begin to pull their saris to properly cover. Nana’s eyes catch out a young girl. A chance takes place. He is relay to attack upon her but she escapes. 

                                       Nana could not bear, Ghashiram comes on the scene. Nana asks him to catch her. Ghashiram assures him to bring her. His passions are so much aroused that he ask him to do anything for her. Ghashiram takes benefit of the situation. He demand power from him in return to her. He know that the woman is not anybody but his own daughter Gauri. He brings her to him when the order is signed. Thus Ghashiram gets power at the cost of his daughter.

(3)Evils of politics:-

                                         Ghashi soon realizes evils of politics. Nana demands Gauri one more time. Ghashi realizes the situation. He has acquired the position on the basis of sex. Now the evil loose large upon him. he repents for it but it’s late now. He becomes restless. He begins to be heavy on the other side Nana too takes more and more benefit. His visits to prostitutes are regular. Dance with Gauri in presence of his citizens tells everything. Gauri become motive of his life and Ghashi become terror to the city.

(4) Use power and position:-

                                            Ghashi becomes the terror to the people. He being to use of his power and position. There is revenge in the backdrop of morality. He had been insulted and humiliated. Now he got opportunity to settle down the issue. He order or permits. Nothing is allowed without permit. In the name of it he crushes the people. There is no limit of harassment. Innocent or bad all are equally treated. There is so much force that good turns dad and bad into worse and worst. There are false cases. They ere trapped, jailed and beaten. There’s no place in the jail. The prisoners suffocate and die. For a small reason punishment is hard.

                                             No doubt people stop many bad things. At night the streets are deserted. The lane of prostitution is lonely. Brahmans have stopped cheating. They have been straightened. But it is like spring. Only force has worked. Out of poona everything I same. Many have started going to bavannakhani. It is a prostitute district. Whatever it may be, but Ghashi’s shadow envelopes all of them.

(5)Politics and religion:-

                                             Religion is a wine that rigid people drink it. The ignorant join with them. Result is very horrible. The politicians know this and they use this wine for their purpose. They misuse the holy institution. They has religious elements. There are songs and dance in the accompaniment of music. There is Katha prayer and holy processions but politicians don’t have respect to such things. Holy songs turns into lavani, dance turns erotic. religious meetings become haunting places. Women are found out from there. Gauri or Gulabi are such cases. Gauri is find of such a meeting.

                                            When the people revolted Nana bring religion. He wants to save himself. He tells his soldiers do religions things which the Brahmins want. He knows it would satisfy them.

                                            Nana uses religion his own way. He gives his meaning. Gauri indicates Ganesha’s idol. But he says he won’t mind. He also two wives, one on each side.

                                           Ghashi also uses region. For him it is in following morality. He asks for religions thread to any Brahmin. Married women have sacred bracelet on their neck. For marriage it is proof but he denies and asks other things. Visiting prostitutes, telling lies sins and Ghashi order to have strict vigilance over such things. Thus religion is a mask to Nana and Ghashi.

(6) Dealings and misdealing in politics:-

                                          The politicians use people and often people use politicians. Sometimes there’s narrow line in their dealings to each other. Hunter is hunted down. He is trapped. Nana is a very cunning politician. He was considered the chanakya of the Maratha. For his libido and defense he makes a deal with Ghashi. No doubt it is fatal to both. Nana looses his hold over people and Ghashi his daughter. In this dealing Gauri is the scapegoat. Ghashi get power and position using his daughter.

                                           We think that Nana loses his hold. But his view is quite clear. He tells Ghashi that he would kill his daughter with a bullet. With the other bullet Poona will dance. His design of making him a counter check is revealed. He knows the Maratha Brahmins will not trust him. He says’ we made you Kotwal’. Further he say,’ we just raised a dog at our door to the position of the Kotwali’.

                                            His shrewdness is seen when gauri is killed and in writing the order for Ghashi’s dead. In the first case he uses religion. He give a long, philosophic advice to him and follow the duty. He force him to obey his command. In the other case he uses people to kill Ghashi. Thus he removes both the thorns.

                                            Though the play indicates past political system. No one would be against that it is almost contemporary political picture. Things are some only people and time have changed. Politics is meant to help people but in ninety percent it does and brings evil.

Thank you...

The Black cat

‘The Black cat’

-by Edger Allan Poe

                                             There are good and bad beliefs about animals. Bad beliefs are mostly related to cats. But there is animals beliefs related to a black cat in the crossing on the way or even presence in the home is consider.

                                           This story ‘the black cat’ is also related to something. There is an unknown narrator. He keeps a black cat. He does not think about think it. He loves it but out of fanny. He kills is surprisingly. He fined another black cat. He begins to think nonsense because of the black cat. He tried to kill it. But the animal disappeared. Surprisingly he finds it dead. He had walled it will his wife.

                                          The narrator says that there is a wild thing. He is not mad. But some events took place. I’s consciences’ terrified and throat the narrator. The narrator is gentle. He way found of animals. His parents gave him great varieties of pets. His spent most of his time will them. He was very happy. He always believed they are loyal and return love. When he married it was good that his wife also liked poets. They had bird, goldbrick, a fine dog, rabbits, a small monkey and ‘a cat’. This first cat is ‘Planto’. It was a large. His cat a beautiful animal but it was entirely black. It looked sagacious. It was the narrator’s favorites pet and playmate. He alone fed him. The cat also attended him whenever he went about the house. It was with difficulty that he prevented him from following through the streets.

                                             For some years their friendship lasted the narrator had gentle premature. but then there was change in his nature. He becomes victim fiend intemperance. Excessive drinking of alcohol. Day by he grew more moody. More irritable, more regardless of other’s feeling it’s effect come to his wife. He began to give violence to her. Still Plato did not suffer anything but other animals suffered it the disease grew up finally Plato also began to experience the effects of his all temple.

                                          One night he returned drunk he fancied that the cat .he infected a wonted to the narrator the narrator lost the temper. The fury of a daemon posses him possessed him. The narrator borough but the pain knite deliberately cut one eye from the socket. In the morning he saw what he did but his soul didn’t fell it. The cats carry recovered but like fight full. Now the cat went about the house as usual but ran away in extreme terror seeing the narrator. This feeling of dislike change Into irritation. Irritations turn into perverseness. It passed the narrator. The narrator into Vorst condition. He becomes cold blooded. One morning. He slipped a loose and hangs it to a tree. That is how he kills the first cat.

                                         On the night of that day a bad thing happen the narrator’s how caught fire with great difficulty they came out. House was compliantly burnt. Next day he visited the rains only wall of the bad was saved. Upend it something was marked people saw it and when surprised by the ‘strengths thing. Upon the wall was engraved a gigantic eat with a rope about the next wonder and extremes terror. He realized that someone might have thrown threw the dead cat to wake him up. 

                                            As the narrator lost one cat became of love he searched the another animal. He regraded the lose. He wanted to fine out another cat of the same piece. One night he saw something a black object. When he approached he found that it was a black cat. this cat was also as large as Pluto. It closely resemble Pluto in every respect . but there was only one difference. The whole reason of the best was while is the narrator touched it. It responded him. He believed his search ended. He thought this cat belonged to the house owner. So he went to him to by it but it was a surprise that the owner there not ever seen the cat.

                                           The new cat also become favorite to his wife soon a dislike arose within him. There felling turn into the bitterness of hatred. It’s presence also made him erecting mean while he discovered that this cat was also derived off one of it’s eyes. The cat loved him very much instead of returning it. Memory of formed crime possessed him. So the while spot was fancied as the gallows. The combination of black and while color gives him this sense. He was horrified. Evil thought become.

                                           One day the narrator and his wife went to caller to clean it. The cat also followed. She came before the narrator on these steps. He could not tolerated .the anger shorted he picked up axe and aimed at the cat. The narrator’s wife tried to prevent the cat escaped. There was no limit of his anger. So he aimed another flow of his wife’s head will one blow the wife dead. He killed his wife cruelly to save himself. He buried her into the well castle waited the cat’s return but he did not come back. He was satisfied.

                                            At the end of the story the the police pantry finds out dead body. Surprisingly on the head of his wife. There was also cat’s dead body. He had he had walled the monster up within the tomb.  The center of the story there is the cat it’s. presence is continuous one cat died another cat comes both of them living or dead terrify the narrator. It becomes the medium of evil thoughts disgusting felling.

                                           The cat is a symbol here. The evil thought in the narrator are represented by the black cat. These thoughts ere for his wife. So the black cat is his wife. He had dislike for her. He does not like her. So desisting felling began to grow. Killing first cat is doubtful in reality it is not hear. It is the his mind that he sees that. But killing his wife is reality whatever he saw gallons is to become reality because later all the police have found out his crime.

                                            The narrator has used belief of common people. Moreover the narrator is also unusual so read at and an real cat are mixed up. That’s why the story remains very interesting.

For the more knowing about Allan's story, watch following video....

Thank you...

MOOC:- powerful tools for teaching and learning

Hello reader...!

Welcome to my blog...!

• What is Web 2.0? :-

If you want to know or enroll that types of courses, click here..

                                                 Are you overwhelmed by the tidal wave of new technology tools available for teachers and learners? Powerful Tools for Teaching and Learning: Web 2.0 Tools can help channel that flood into a manageable power source for student engagement and motivation in your classroom! This course is designed to provide teachers with strategies to effectively integrate Web 2.0 technologies into their instruction.

                                                You will learn how to use these tools effectively in your classroom through unique problem-based scenarios that will help you understand how to choose the best Web 2.0 tool. Our approach focuses on the task rather than the tool in an effort to improve communication, collaboration, presentation, creativity, problem solving, and critical thinking in your learners. You will take part in robust exchange of practical ideas while participating in online discussion forums and share your experiences and learn from fellow teachers about best practices with Web 2.0 tools in your content area.

                                              I joined few week again course of Powerful web tools for teaching and learning through Cursera. Firstly there were given overview of tasks of four weeks and through software automatically given task after one week completed. There were some index put like

1.  Getting started
2.  Communication tools
3.  Communication Scenarios
4.  Reading materials
5. Explore more tools
6. Activities
7. Discussion Prompt
8. Quiz

• Getting Started:-

                                                   In this columns first video Sarah McNeil from Houston University talked about using technology in teaching and learning. Moreover, how teachers and trainers can harness the power of free,easy to use online tools to engage and motivate theirs learners. She talked about strategies and approach. In the second video explore about what is Web 1.0 or 2.0 tools ? In the third video about an Analogy for Web 2.0 Tools and in the last video dissuasion about text box story.

 Communication tools:-

                                                   In this part I notify that,  There were categorized Web 2.0 tools in to 8 parts which using the 21 century skills frameworks. These all tools generally focus on communication tools, nature of communication task, communication issue,...etc. 

• Google sites:-

                                                 There were one Web tools mentioned like, Google sites which helps to teacher or students for the share information, mostly, in text and picture  by creating website.

                                                  Websites exist to share information, broadcast the news, help people connect, and more… right? A teacher can create a solid classroom website for their class to do the same things by picking and choosing from some of the options below:

• Contact information - so students can get in touch
• Class Announcements - to share what’s going on
• Shoutouts - to recognize hard work
• Grades or Mastery Tracking - to share progress
• Study Guides - to promote study habits
• Classwork / Homework - for kids to keep up
• Extra Credit or Accelerated - for kids to advance themselves
• Helpful Links (content, videos, tools) - to expand opportunities
• Search: Google Sites function as mini-search engines for any content, information, or pages you create within the site. 

                                                That makes finding a resource incredibly efficient. I name individual pages accordingly so that if a student wants to learn more over the weekend or remediate a struggling skill, they can type keywords into the search box and find what they need.

• Drive:-


                                         For example, when I use playlists in class to direct my kids to the daily agenda, I make quick edits to a Google Doc in my account, and it updates for all students to see when they access it. Another way you could use this to your advantage is by having one folder in Drive where you put your curriculum, videos, or whatever you intend to share and embed.


• Podomatic & Podcasts:-

                                                   It's allows to presentation and sharing of audio information. Through Podomatric  as per my experience listening skill improve so this web tools helps to improving basic listening skill.


                                                    Do you feel that it’s impossible to understand native speakers? Or do you think native speakers talk too fast, break too many grammar rules, use slang and difficult vocabulary that you never learned in class?

                                                  Podcasts!! If you have never heard of a podcast, it is an audio file that you can listen to or download from the Internet. But, more importantly, listening to podcasts is an effective, convenient way to improve your English listening skills!

• Podcasts can help you:

# Improve your listening skills
# Become familiar with different accents and styles of speech
# Build your vocabulary with the real, modern English we use today
#Understand native speakers, even when they speak quickly

• Benefit and feature:-

# Available on your smartphone, computer, or laptop
# Easy to listen to anytime, anywhere (at home, on the bus, in your car, at your desk)
# Usually available with a transcript so you can read while you listen (pssst… did you know Speak Confident English’s Wednesday Lessons are available on podcast with transcripts? They are!)
# Focused on every possible topic, which means you can always find something interesting (Common podcast topics include comedy, music, history, science, technology, culture, stories, life advice, how to information, current events, and interviews.)
# Slower speaking speed
# Clearer pronunciation
# Explanations of idioms, phrasal verbs, or key expressions
# Highlighted grammar rules

• Here are 6 native English podcasts I highly recommend:

# This American Life. Get ready to laugh, cry, be surprised, and learn something new. Every week focuses on a new topic and includes stories from real American’s.
# Science Friday. If you love science and technology, then this is the podcast for you.
# RadioLab. Perfect for you if you’re curious about philosophy, science, and human nature.
# Stuff You Missed in History Class. Do you love history? If yes, then don’t miss this podcast.
# StoryCorps. Every Friday, this radio program makes me cry. Beautiful, real-life stories from everyday people. On this podcast, you will definitely hear a variety of regional accents from the United States and various pronunciation styles. It is best suited for advanced learners.
# Serial. This is the MOST POPULAR podcast of all time. Just listen to the first episode of Season 1 and you’ll see why. This show is full of intrigue and mystery. And it’s a true story.

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• Related apps:-

1) Audible.. audio book
2) Spotify.... Listen to your favorite music &podcast
3) Google Podcasts...Discover free & trending podcast
4) Podcast Addict

• Poll Everywhere:-

                                                 Through this tools students in the class can respond individually and using their mobile devices like cell phones. The poll can be displayed directly in the presentation so the teacher and the students can view immediate Facebook.

                                                 Poll Everywhere is a dynamic online polling platform that allows students to vote on custom teacher-generated polls through text messaging (SMS), smartphone, or computer by visiting this website. With a free educator account with Poll Everywhere, polls can receive up to 40 votes, enough to accommodate most classrooms. There are two types of poll questions that can be used in the classroom: multiple choice or open text. Teachers can easily generate polls to be deployed individually or as a series of questions. All polls can also receive submissions through a combination of devices. Students can text message, vote online with a smartphone, handheld device, tablet, laptop, or computer.

• Google Docs and Google hangout:-

                                                   When more than two people want to establish communication back and forth, it's said to be multiple way communication. These tools provide interaction between multiple parties that could be synchronous or asynchronous.


Thank you...

• References:-

1) https://www.mooc-list.com/course/powerful-tools-teaching-and-learning-web-20-tools-coursera?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=4bf07b1a0883903b26c96fef91b48017aee9363e-1581316846-0-AQZqK3C2A17PYSdQhKR1g52TXXURa0Grl9T9iT9UO9Zb4v40i_PKyQWuBxPus1EXM_s665AtfVstT1ppJQiqTFxWsrwOg1RU7CFTTo4064uT1MJiZPxEf7hK7Q5j6Uv2HWFsjRYzIVEl8XZtswDwB4PZXCZ8dId7cQ4URfyMeWwjZPdKte-cF76xXchY0wcoZbBlBbHeysf5nIKz8a7Qu9riZtxqDg2w7hfyWqbYVXKUK7qkAm5pVZEbESbe7BLMp2uU1FPe3kv2fQtIJpt1D915KsUyOJ6bhib_BI3UeEsAmofHIr6_BAQz-ynLSq7b_yVDo50edLvFLc95NnVc88c3AT95vnid84Van68Kji5-

2) https://www.edsurge.com/news/2015-07-08-how-to-expertly-organize-your-classroom-with-google-sites

3) https://www.speakconfidentenglish.com/podcasts-improve-listening/