Here given task by Dilip Barad sir , So the link is given below:
https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2015/03/structuralism-and-literary-criticism.html
It is the offshoot of certain developments in linguistics and anthropology. Saussure’s mode of the synchronic study of language was an attempt to formulate the grammar of a language from a study of parole. Using the Saussurian linguistic model, Claude Levi-Strauss examined the customs and conventions of some cultures with a view of arriving at the grammar of those cultures. In literary theory, structuralism is an approach to analysing the narrative material by examining the underlying invariant structure.
Genette empathetically defines Structuralism as a method is based on the study of structures wherever they occur. Genette believes that structural criticism is untainted by any of the transcendent reductions of psychoanalysis or Marxist explanation.
There are two types of methodology used by critics for study of language.
1] Diachronic
2] Synchronic
Diachrony and Synchrony are two different and complementary viewpoints in linguistic analysis. A synchronic approach considers a language at a moment in time without taking its history into account. Synchronic linguistics aims at describing a language at a specific point of time, usually the present. By contrast, a diachronic approach considers the development and evolution of a language through history. Historical linguistics is typically a diachronic study.
After getting basic idea of structuralism and Genette's concept of Narratology, I'm going to describe movie "Rustom" by spects of Structuralism.
1] Order :
{Say a story is as follows: a murder occurs (event A); then the circumstances of the murder are revealed to a detective (event B), finally the murderer is caught (event C).
Arranged chronologically the events run A1, B2, C3. Arranged in the text they may run B1 (discovery), A2 (flashback), C3 (resolution).
This accounts for the 'obvious' effects the reader will recognise, such as flashback. It also deals with the structure of narratives on a more systematic basis, accounting for flash-forward, simultaneity, as well as possible, if rarely used effects. These disarrangements on the level of order are termed 'anachrony'.}
In movie Rustom if we supposed that A = Real truth behind murder , B= Court room drama, C= Villain identification , D= Circumstances of murder revealed , E=Murder,F= Love affair ; then chronologically events run in below order.
F⇒ E⇒ B ⇒C⇒ D⇒ A
2] Frequency :
The separation between event and narration allows many possibility all four are :
1- Singular :
Intra-diegetic: inside the text.
In movie Akshay kumar was playing role of Protagonist whose name was Rustom and narrator narrated story from different perspectives ,one perspective was taken by protagonist of movie also.
⇛Is the narrator a character in the story?
Homo-diegetic: the narrator is a character in the story.
As per above mentioned that Protagonist also narrated some part of story thus we can say that the term Homo-diegetic was used there.
5] Mood:
{Genette said narrative mood is dependent on the 'distance' and 'perspective' of the narrator, and like music, narrative mood has predominant patterns. It is related to voice.Distance of the narrator changes with narrated speech, transposed speech and reported speech .}
At some extent mood is related to voice and narration, means ,if narration's perspective was first person singular then Distance has to be so close but maybe Perspective will be prejudice.
In Rustom as we see that some narration has been done by protagonist itself thus we supposed that he was very closer at level of Distance but at last we can see that his Perspective was effected by his prejudices.
6] Focalization:
{Perspective of the narrator is called focalization. Narratives can be non-focalized, internally focalized or externally focalized.}
https://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2015/03/structuralism-and-literary-criticism.html
- Think and Write: Being a structuralist critic, how would you analyse literary text or TV serial or Film? You can select any image or TV serial or film or literary text or advertisement. Apply structuralist method and post your write up on your blog.
Structuralism is the offshoot of certain developments in linguistics and anthropology. Saussure's mode of the synchronic study of language was attempt to formulate the grammar of a language from a study of Parole. He talked about used same structure but different way in film, novel and play. For Ex., Love story, revenge story, family....etc.
Gerard Genette talked about 'Intellectual bricolage', language as a system of relationship and Traditional criticism. He said that ' If the writer questions the universe, the critic questions literature, that is so say , the universe of signs...'.
1) Language 2) Langue 3) Parole
Sign----Signifier-----Signified
Roland Barthes and Claude Levi Strauss from whom he adapted the concept of bricolage. They are primarily used to look at the syntax of narrative, rather than to perform an interpretation of them.
A) Order
B) Frequency
C) Duration
D) Voice
E) Mood
Roland Barthes also talked about 'S/Z' and five code like as;
A) The proairetic code
B) The hermeneutic code
C) The cutural code
D) The semic code
E) The Symbolic code
It is the offshoot of certain developments in linguistics and anthropology. Saussure’s mode of the synchronic study of language was an attempt to formulate the grammar of a language from a study of parole. Using the Saussurian linguistic model, Claude Levi-Strauss examined the customs and conventions of some cultures with a view of arriving at the grammar of those cultures. In literary theory, structuralism is an approach to analysing the narrative material by examining the underlying invariant structure.
Genette empathetically defines Structuralism as a method is based on the study of structures wherever they occur. Genette believes that structural criticism is untainted by any of the transcendent reductions of psychoanalysis or Marxist explanation.
There are two types of methodology used by critics for study of language.
1] Diachronic
2] Synchronic
Diachrony and Synchrony are two different and complementary viewpoints in linguistic analysis. A synchronic approach considers a language at a moment in time without taking its history into account. Synchronic linguistics aims at describing a language at a specific point of time, usually the present. By contrast, a diachronic approach considers the development and evolution of a language through history. Historical linguistics is typically a diachronic study.
1] Order :
{Say a story is as follows: a murder occurs (event A); then the circumstances of the murder are revealed to a detective (event B), finally the murderer is caught (event C).
Arranged chronologically the events run A1, B2, C3. Arranged in the text they may run B1 (discovery), A2 (flashback), C3 (resolution).
This accounts for the 'obvious' effects the reader will recognise, such as flashback. It also deals with the structure of narratives on a more systematic basis, accounting for flash-forward, simultaneity, as well as possible, if rarely used effects. These disarrangements on the level of order are termed 'anachrony'.}
In movie Rustom if we supposed that A = Real truth behind murder , B= Court room drama, C= Villain identification , D= Circumstances of murder revealed , E=Murder,F= Love affair ; then chronologically events run in below order.
F⇒ E⇒ B ⇒C⇒ D⇒ A
2] Frequency :
The separation between event and narration allows many possibility all four are :
1- Singular :
An event can occur once and narrated once ,
In Rustom - Court has given their judgement once and in movie it was mentioned only one time.
2- Iterative:
In Rustom - Court has given their judgement once and in movie it was mentioned only one time.
2- Iterative:
An event can occur n times and be narrated once,
In movie Rustom- Cynthia and Vikram wrote many latter to each-other but narrated only once.
3- Repetitive:
In movie Rustom- Cynthia and Vikram wrote many latter to each-other but narrated only once.
3- Repetitive:
An event can occur one time and be narrated n times,
In movie - Murder of Vikram occurred only once but narrated many times during court room drama.
4- Multiple:
In movie - Murder of Vikram occurred only once but narrated many times during court room drama.
4- Multiple:
An event can occur n times and be narrated n times,
In Rustom- The case was run during many days and also narrated the same.
3] Duration :
{The separation between an event and its narration means that there is discourse time and narrative time.}
In movie Rustom - When Rustom [protagonist] went to his job ,he passed more then a year on Ship,it was very lengthy period of time but event was narrated in a short narrative time of only 5 minutes. Same thing happens during case , it runs days and days but when it was narrated in movie scene of court room take few hours only.
4] Voice:
{Voice is concerned with who narrates, and from where. This can be split four ways.}
In movie Rustom how narration changed and from which perspective let's see-
⇛Where the narration is from
In Rustom- The case was run during many days and also narrated the same.
3] Duration :
{The separation between an event and its narration means that there is discourse time and narrative time.}
In movie Rustom - When Rustom [protagonist] went to his job ,he passed more then a year on Ship,it was very lengthy period of time but event was narrated in a short narrative time of only 5 minutes. Same thing happens during case , it runs days and days but when it was narrated in movie scene of court room take few hours only.
4] Voice:
{Voice is concerned with who narrates, and from where. This can be split four ways.}
In movie Rustom how narration changed and from which perspective let's see-
⇛Where the narration is from
Intra-diegetic: inside the text.
In movie Akshay kumar was playing role of Protagonist whose name was Rustom and narrator narrated story from different perspectives ,one perspective was taken by protagonist of movie also.
⇛Is the narrator a character in the story?
Homo-diegetic: the narrator is a character in the story.
As per above mentioned that Protagonist also narrated some part of story thus we can say that the term Homo-diegetic was used there.
5] Mood:
{Genette said narrative mood is dependent on the 'distance' and 'perspective' of the narrator, and like music, narrative mood has predominant patterns. It is related to voice.Distance of the narrator changes with narrated speech, transposed speech and reported speech .}
At some extent mood is related to voice and narration, means ,if narration's perspective was first person singular then Distance has to be so close but maybe Perspective will be prejudice.
In Rustom as we see that some narration has been done by protagonist itself thus we supposed that he was very closer at level of Distance but at last we can see that his Perspective was effected by his prejudices.
6] Focalization:
{Perspective of the narrator is called focalization. Narratives can be non-focalized, internally focalized or externally focalized.}
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