Course no.:- 13 “The New literature”

Course no.:- 13 “The New literature” 

Total words: - 1,973 

• Contents

Love, Friendship and death in the novel “Harry Potter”. 3

 Abstract:- 3

 Acknowledgements:- 4

 Introduction:- 5

 The Death Eaters:- 5

 Rebirth of Voldemort:- 5

 Love, Family & Friendship:- 6

 Friendship:- 7

 Conclusion:- 7

 Bibliography:- 8

"Love, Friendship and death in the novel “Harry Potter” 

· Abstract:-



                                                            In her seven-book Harry Potter series, Rowling writes her imagination world on the pages which there were specifically not indicated about religion and god but there were she try to put satirical way some kind of her thought which still remain great sense of morality and love. Through her seven-books of Harry Potter series, J.K. Rowling specifically focused on death or love so that life is not about avoiding death rather about following the journey of daily life and try to living fully through love and joy. Here J.K. Rowling expressed of reader with a world in which life and death occupy a luminal space. Throughout the seven series, Rowling put a secret that how the reader read between the two lines. How the lines between life and death are blurred, and how human souls are the connection and gateway to the after life. That was a universal view into child- young adult literature, and also created arguments against today’s society. Moreover, J.K. Rowling interpreted that the reader has clear idea of what happens to the soul after death: morally good souls have a chance to go on to another space after death, while souls mutilated by evil simply cease to be. Here through character of Valdemort or Harry potter represented that how morality or death works into the life. This is a compelling thought, especially in the twenty-first century as many people are moving away from organized religion, but still want to believe in a sense of life after death. Rowling has not limited to a traditional Christian framework and she was therefore able to investigate her own ideas of morality and the afterlife in a unique way. Ultimately, she reveals the world of the dead is connected to the world of the living in a wonderful way: death is not something to be feared but rather we should fear a life lived without love. So at the end of the seven series we can justify that love to everyone, even love to death rather than hate.


· Acknowledgements:-



                                                           I want to thank to my family members, friends, classmate, teachers, relatives and Pro. Dilip barad sir for always enthusiastically supporting me, listening to me talk about this assignments and especially when I was talking about it instead of actually doing it and also spending more times and give me some kind of guideline. One of the my primary teacher who telling the story of Harry Potter into the class before I even knew what it was and in the M.A. level I got some clue which I never get during primary level. Reading and watching the series of Harry Potter and so many more books out loud when I was a in post graduation at that time all the characters will always stay with me so thank you to all who for your constant support, encouragement, and inspiration! Prakruti, I came to you with a dream of writing my assignments about Harry Potter as a based on love, death and friendship. Thank you to all for your enthusiasm and help to make this assignment as a reality.

· Introduction:-



                                                      The Harry Potter’s seven series was an international phenomenon which connected with readers on many levels. Forbes magazine lists Rowling as the first person to become a millionaire by writing books, and as the second richest woman in entertainment in the world (Gibbs 1). “Now translated into 65 languages, the books have joined a canon that stretches from Cinderella to Star Wars, giving people a way to discuss culture and commerce, politics and values” (Gibbs 3). This fame has also opened Rowling up to harsh criticism. Jack Zips, author of Sticks and Stones: The Troublesome Success of Children's Literature from Slovenly Peter to Harry Potter, distrusts the phenomenon and thinks that the success of the Harry Potter series says something distressing about our society. He calls the books ordinary, conventional, and predictable and the writing “nothing exceptional”.


· The Death Eaters:-



“It’s what You-Know-Who’s supporters called themselves. I think we saw what’s left of them tonight - the ones who managed to keep themselves out of Azkaban, anyway.”
-- Bill Weasley (GF9)

· Rebirth of Voldemort:-



                                                            When I first time see series of Harry potter there were the Death Eaters formally converged at that time their master’s rebirthing ceremony in the Little Hangleton graveyard. If you want to understand that who was Death Eaters and where present during the end of the series so you have to remain alert during reading or watching the all series because somewhere death eater remain present physically so some where remain mentally. Throughout the end of the series I notify so many characters who played role of as a death eater like, Lucius Malfoy, Walden Macnair, Avery, Crabbe, Goyle, Nott, and Peter Pettigrew.
                                                        Moreover I have to say that, in the end of the series there was one conflict about ‘Half-Blood Prince’. At the end Snape who also remain among the Death Eaters who did not go to Azkaban for their crimes. For the better understanding here mentioned examples like Lucius Malfoy, the Carrows and Yaxley. One of scene in the series of Harry Potter that when element of Save for Lucius, there were three more Death Eaters present that, since they weren’t in Azkaban, would likely have Appareled to the Dark Lord’s side on that summer night; In the cases of the Carrow siblings, Alecto and Amycus, and Corban Yaxley. Now here’s where my speculation may be inaccurate. There is one more Death Eater that I believe was also there that night: Selwyn. This male Death Eater accompanied Travers to Xenophilius Lovegood’s house when he turned in Harry Potter to the Ministry. And according to Umbridge, the Selwyn family was an old pure-blood one. I suspected that he did not go to Azkaban. 

                                                       Now, Selwyn could have easily been switched with either of these two. However, I think Gibbon went to Azkaban after the first wizarding war because Remus Lupin recognized him during the Battle of the Astronomy Tower. I could be wrong, but Lupin probably recalled his face from the wanted posters of the Azkaban escapees more than a year before.
                                                        However at the end as we know Harry must die, that in the end he will walk into Voldemort’s presence and lay down his life for his friends for all his friends, not only Ron, Hermione, and Neville, but all the students at Hogwarts and all their families and all the wizards and Muggles in the world. He will die in order that others may live.

· Love, Family & Friendship:-


                                                      “ The Sorcerer’s stone” normally based on love, friendship and family because in this part there were many examples which prove the themes of love, friendship and family like Harry’s parents James and Lily who love their child and also Harry missed out all time his parents. When he was child at that time he treated under the terribly. Moreover while Potter goes to at Hogwarts at that time he has
                                                        There is no vainglory in what he does, no posturing and no sense of histrionics. Dumbledore has told him often enough: he loves. It is the reason he can defeat the evil Lord Voldemort who lacks the power to understand love and who laughs at Harry because he knows it motivates him. It is the reason Harry can walk calmly and deliberately into the maw of death and lay down his life.

                                                        Rowling understands the connection between friendship and love, the mystery at the heart of the gospel. She makes the statement through a fanciful ceiling in the home of Xenophilus Lovegood the name is important— when Harry visits the Lovegood home and is captivated by the scene at the head of the stairs. Climbing the stairs, he examines the painting on the ceiling and sees his own portrait in it his and Ron’s and Hermione’s and Neville’s. In its beauty and grandeur it is like a ceiling by Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel. 

· Friendship:-



                                                            At Hogwarts, the wizarding school, Harry fell in with a coterie of very special close friends Hermione Granger, Ron Weasley, and Neville Longbottom who often remind us of Jesus’ inner circle of disciples, Peter, James, and John. Ron is the stubborn, blustering Peter.


· Conclusion:-



                                                            As we know that at the end of The Deathly Hallows Harry Potter walked in the forest Potter ready to die, but once again becomes the boy who lives. It was not potter’s ability to defeat death although his ability to accept mortality that’s matter made him to the Master of Death. Another things is that Potter who was the only wizard who has strength to possess all three of the Deathly Hallows: the Invisibility Cloak, the Elder Wand, and the Resurrection Stone. Here J. K.Rowling used death as a major theme may cause some trepidation for parents but it was exactly these more sinister themes that make the story so important for children to read. Moreover, it was vital that children learn how to negotiate the world on their own. Children cannot be shielded from death; it was prevalence throughout our lives in real-life experiences. Death and dying were as a part of the human conditions and children must have to know to figure out how to cope with that. The books have full of lessons in morality or how the choices you have to helped to create who you are?. In the seven series books also created boundaries or questions of good and evil. At the end of the all parts, Harry potter and his friends fight to preserved what was worsted living for in the world and All the characters also ready willing to sacrifice themselves for the good of wizards, Muggles, and other creatures alike. In the last part of “The Deathly Hallows” after learning what his fate will be, Harry does not try to cheat death. Harry potter felt that his purposed was that save others, help to others but not only just his family and friends. Harry ready to sacrificed himself willingly for the good of humanity and maybe we would like to think same like Harry potter. As a preface to the last book Rowling quotes William Penn:

                                                           “Death is but crossing the world, as friends do the seas; they live in one another still…This is the comfort of friends, that though they may be said to die, yet their friendship and society are, in the best sense, ever present, because immortal”.

- William Penn



                                                    From Jesus to William Penn and now to J. K. Rowling, this is the truth that shines like a precious gem at the center of humanity’s long struggle for meaning and justification. Love genuine caring and involvement in the lives of others is the key to our very existence!


· Bibliography:-



Killinger, John. Love, Death, and Friendship in the Harry Potter Novels. Ed. St. Martin’s Press. 2002. (New York: St. Martin’s Press). 5 March 2020 <https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/61116.pdf>.

Liam. The Death Eaters. Ed. William Silvester, Michele Worley and Beth Steve VanderArk. 10 April 2017 . 5 March 2020 <https://www.hp-lexicon.org/category/essays/>.

Park, Johannah Katherine. "Master of Death:Love and Spirituality in the Harry Potter Series ." Harvard University’s DASH 2017-08-10 ( 2017 ): Page-1 to 55.

Course no.:- 15 “Mass communication and Media studies’”

Course no.:- 15 

“Mass communication and Media studies’” 

Total words: - 2513

• Contents

“Cinema studies, genre and impact on the society”. 3

 Abstract:- 3

 Acknowledgements:- 4

 Introduction:- 5

 Basic Classification of film:- 5

 Literary genre criticism:- 6

 Power of patriarchy in “ Bahubali”:- 6

 New Historicism in “Tanaji”,:- 6

 Nowadays cinema:- 7

 Purpose of cinema:- 7

 Ara of Amir khan:- 7

 The Multiplex culture :- 8

 Desire of Audience:- 9

 21st Century – globalization and 3D movies:- 9

 Conclusion:- 10

Bibliography:- 10

“Cinema studies, genre and impact on the society” 

•  Abstract:-

                                                                      As we know that Nowadays, Indian cinema is becoming one of the oldest world cinemas and also known for the largest in terms of output If its evolution in parallel to the Western cinema with little crossover until very recently leaves a lot of Western moviegoers with the impression that it’s daunting and inscrutable. But with a few simple guidelines, any American movie buff should be able to explore Indian cinema particularly when it comes to the massive Hindi-language industry based in Mumbai commonly known as “Bollywood.” Everything has some specific part which creates new things. Without combination of all things, it’s remaining uncompleted So that Films can classify by the setting, theme, topic, mood, format, target audience or budget…etc. So in the research paper I mentioned about gene, cinema studies,and impact on society with some example of contemporary movies.


· Acknowledgements:-


                                                             I want to thank to my family members, friends, classmate, teachers, relatives and Vaidehi ma’am for always enthusiastically supporting me, listening to me talk about this assignments and especially when I was talking about it instead of actually doing it and also spending more times and give me some kind of guideline. One of the my primary teacher who telling about cinema into the class before I even knew what it was and in the M.A. level I got some clue which I never get during primary level. Reading and watching movie the series of Harry Potter and so many more books out loud when I was a in post graduation at that time all the characters will always stay with me so thank you to all who for your constant support, encouragement, and inspiration! Prakruti, I came to you with a dream of writing my assignments about cinema studies, genre and impact on society as a based on some contemporary or old movies. Thank you to all for your enthusiasm and help to make this assignment as a reality.


· Introduction:-


                                                                As we know that Nowadays, Indian cinema is becoming one of the oldest world cinemas and also known for the largest in terms of output If its evolution in parallel to the Western cinema with little crossover until very recently leaves a lot of Western moviegoers with the impression that it’s daunting and inscrutable. But with a few simple guidelines, any American movie buff should be able to explore Indian cinema particularly when it comes to the massive Hindi-language industry based in Mumbai commonly known as “Bollywood.”

· Basic Classification of film:-



A) Setting

B) Mood

C) Themes

D) Topic

E) Format

F) Target audience

G) Budget

H)Manner of Presentation


                                                         Everything has some specific part which creates new things. Without combination of all things, it’s remaining uncompleted So that Films can classify by the setting, theme, topic, mood, format, target audience or budget…etc. The setting is the milieu or environment where the story and action takes place e.g., Hallaro, Chapak, Tanaji film, a Western film or a space opera film. The themes or topics of the movie which refers to the issues or concepts that the film revolves around e.g., Dangal, Gold movie or crime film. The mood is the emotional tone of the film which matter a lot on the audience. There are various kind of mood like, comedy film, horror film or tearjerker film. Format refers to the way the film was shot like long short, camera movements, anamorphic widescreen or the manner of presentation like, 35 mm, 16 mm or 8 mm. Additional ways of categorizing film genres is by the target audience so that Sensor board declared certificated which based on children's film, teen film or women's film or by type of production like B movie, big-budget blockbuster or low-budget film.


· Literary genre criticism:-



                                                         A film genre which known as motion picture which work based on similarities in either the narrative elements or the emotional response to the film. In the film used various kind of genre like serious, comic… etc generally filmed work through various kinds of theories and some time film genre are borrowed from literary genre criticism. In the cinema world the basic genres include fiction and documentary or sometime used current issue or history There are put subgenres or have emerged from the such as docudrama. Other subgenres included the courtroom and trial-focused drama known as the legal drama. There are Types of fiction which may be unrelated or may be combined to form hybrid subgenres. Such as the melding of horror and comedy in the Evil Dead films. Other popular commenting are the romantic comedy and the action comedy film are more famous.


· Power of patriarchy in “ Bahubali”:-

                                                     As we know that Bahubali was a series of two movies about kingdoms and betrayals. It is a story about a young prince's quest to find his parents, and rightful place, as the heir to the throne. Despite the brilliant cinematography, we find the blockbuster to be heavily male-dominated with traditional sex role typing that tries to reflect the social norms of a mythical age and subtly reinforce the idea of gender and the absolute power of patriarchy. This perpetuation of stereotypes in movies that are based on myths and fantasies may seem to have no direct link to social reality. However, the effect and the influence of films on the viewers are far too great to be ignored.

• · New Historicism in “Tanaji”,:- 

                                                         Stephen Greenblatt’s Renaissance self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare (1980) does a New Historicist reading of Renaissance plays, revealing how self fashioning was an episteme of the era, as depicted in the portraits and literature of the time. Analyzing the nature of power, Foucault expounds that power defines what is truth, knowledge, normalcy Foucault observes that history is characterized by gaps and fissures and that the history, rather than write in a coherent manner. New Historicism, an approach which believes and insists that all systems of thought and literary texts must be situated within a historical perspective, has been significantly influenced by the ideas of Derridean post-structuralism, Althusserian Marxism and Bakhtinian dialogism. Recently those entire movies normally based on history which put the character or character’s verdures or bravery in front of audience which hiding by others. So nowadays try to looking history new way try to deconstructed film. While the concept "textuality of history and historicity of texts", may be said to have drawn from the Derridean belief that there is nothing outside the text and reality is textualized.

•  Nowadays cinema:-

                                                           As per my reading that nowadays hindi cinema become rootes of society. “Cinema” is a like term which deep rooted in our society that even a five year old kid could explain you the meanings of the same. Films is popular medium of mass communication and one of the biggest revenue earners for the country. This Journey began on July 7, 1896, when Lumiere brothers of France organized a show of their short films like “The sea bath‟. This event was described aptly by the Times of India as, “Magic of the Century” and has truly left the Indians hooked.

•  Purpose of cinema:-

                                                      The production, narration, technology, characters, advertising, exhibition and even the purpose of cinema changed yet the cinema remained. The Hindi cinema has crossed over many paths The contemporary period of Hindi cinema depicts the time frame from the late 1990s to the present 21st century. The word “ Contemporary has own meaning that “ Current” or “ Present” time. Nowadays, the film business is more closely integrated with other sectors of the entertainment industry and the nature of the film audience has also changed dramatically. Not only has the modes of making of films changed but the narrative style and the script of the movies have become more in tune with the present day demands and aspirations. Even, the father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi (bapu) viewed cinema as a corrupting influence, and could not envisage a role for it in the construction of a swadeshi culture.No have become an essential part of modern life and they can be used with greater advantage for educational purposes… so far greater stress has been laid on a type of film, which presumably is supposed to be entertaining, but the standard or quality of which is not high. I hope that the industry will consider now in terms of meeting the standards and of aiming at producing high-class films that have educational and social values.

· Ara of Amir khan:-


                                                            This was just the beginning of the contemporary period of Hindi cinema and Hindi cinema was achieving new heights of excellence, the varied movies has proven that hindi cinema is now mature enough and has learnt to take risks. With the films like Tare Zameen Par (2007) and Chak de India (2007) which contains no heroine, no romance, no sex, no violence and yet they have become blockbusters, the success itself is testimony to the fact that the Indian audience has changed and so is the Indian filmmaking process.
                                                      Indian Cinema has had a long and illustrious run, even more than a century. In this century-long journey of twists and turns, there have been a few actors who have really made a lasting impact on the Indian society as a whole – one of them is Aamir Khan. After an initial start as the quintessential loverboy, Aamir Khan took measures to make movies having a social bearing as well. In this last decade of Indian Cinema‘s century, Aamir Khan has left an indelible mark on the pages of Indian Cinematic history. A lot of Aamir Khan‘s movies have significant social and societal undertones; they revolve around social issues and show the face of contemporary Indian society.

                                                        Taare Zameen Par “Har bachche ki apni khoobi hoti hai, apni kabiliyat hoti hai, apni chahat hoti hai…” -Taare Zameen Par 217 Story of Taare Zameen Par The film starts with a scene where Ishaan Nandkishore Awasthi (played by Darsheel Safary) catches a fish from a local pond using his socks and capturesit in his waterbottle; suddenly, the school bus conductor comes and scolds him that because of his carelessness, the whole bus had to wait for quite some time. This scene, in a nutshell, is the summation of the problems that Ishaan faces. The child is not doing anything wrong; he is an epitome of innocence. However, it also shows that this small boy has its own world and he is completely engrossed in it.
                                                            This is where the term youth icon and its importance comes in. Time and again, Aamir Khan has been voted as a youth icon on various fora and ceremonies. Apart from the social activities that Aamir Khan has undertaken, his movies have 187 been the primary drivers behind positioning him as a youth icon. Aamir Khan has always been a responsible actor and has ensured that after achieving stardom, he takes extra care in deciding which films to do and which not to. Aamir Khan‘s movies have always been youth-centric. his movies were majorly romantic in genre; consequently, his movies and the central theme of rebellious, young love became very popular. For example, his movie Dangle.

• · The Multiplex culture :-

                                                          In the contemporary period of Hindi Cinema there has been a recent transition to multiplex exhibition of films. The multiplex theater is an exhibition space designed for multiple screenings. India‘s first multiplex, opened in New Delhi in 1997 and from then on the Multiplex sector in India has seen phenomenal growth especially over the last few years. The advent of Multiplexes has been like a hard blow to the single screens. The Multiplexes which generally open inside big Shopping malls seek a middle class audience primarily located in urban areas. [Source: Internet]


· Desire of Audience:-


                                                       The audience of the contemporary period has become more mature and adventurous, he is no longer satisfied with one story being presented in novel ways, the need for different issues, angles and narratives has grown. The audience now looks for a combination of genres in a film, movies with a good script and an entertainment value is appreciated, for instance the best example can be 3 Idiots (2009) which was a blockbuster. The movie had everything be it comedy, friendship, romance or a social message all of which were blended in a way to create the perfect mix of a Hindi Blockbuster.
Kamalkumar Sharma attempted a classification system for Indian films by dividing them into 10 genres. These were:

1. Ballad Films

2. Play films and musical films

3. Cartoon films

4. Comic films

5. Story films

6. Epic films

7. Church films

8. Art films

9. Jungle films and

10. Fantasy films

· 21st Century – globalization and 3D movies:-


                                                       There has been an increasing globalization of cinema during this decade, with foreign-language films gaining popularity in English-speaking markets. Examples of such films include Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (Mandarin), Amelie (French), Lagaan (Hindi), Spirited Away (Japanese), City of God (Portuguese), The Passion of the Christ (Aramaic), Apocalypto (Mayan), Slumdog Millionaire (a third in Hindi), and Inglorious Basterds (multiple languages). There has been a revival in 3D film popularity the first being James Cameron’s Ghosts of the Abyss which was released as the first full-length 3-D IMAX feature filmed with the Reality Camera System.


· Conclusion:-


                                                       Cinema films have the power to influence the thinking of the people. They have changed the society and social trends. They have introduced new fashions in society. They may be described as pace-setters. They can create a direct impact on our social life. Films can go a long way towards arousing national consciousness and also in utilising the energies of the youth in social reconstruc­tion and nation-building by a skilful adaption of good moral, social and educative themes, and by introduction of popular sentiments, films can, to a great extent, formulate and guide public opinion. 

• Bibliography:-

Amal, Suresh. "New historical context in the Bhahubali." Research Journal Of English (RJOE) Vol-2.Issue-3 (2017): pp. 1 -4.

Chakravarty, Sumita. "Teaching Indian Cinema." Cinema Journal,JSTOR vol. 47,.No. 1 (2007): pp. 105–108.

Sisodia, Kirti. "A study of Indian cinema in 21st century and social issues a special reference of Aamir Khans cinema." Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET (2014): 239p.

Course no.:- 14 “The African Literature”

Course no.:- 14 

“The African Literature” 

Total words: - 2,362 

• Contents

“The Politics and Spaces of Voice: Ngũgĩ's A Grain of Wheat”. 2

 Abstract:- 2

 Acknowledgements:- 3

 Introduction:- 4

 Social circumstances:- 5

 Betrayed to the British:- 5

 Uhuru Day:- 6

 Mau Mau Oath and Identity:- 6

 Mugo as a hero or betrayal?:- 7

 Who is real enemies?:- 7

 Struggle of Kenya :- 7

 Role of women:- 8

 Conclusion:- 8

 Bibliography:- 9

“The Politics and Spaces of Voice: Ngũgĩ's A Grain of Wheat” 

• · Abstract:-

                                                           Ngũgĩ is a Kenyan writer and academic who write primarily in Kikuyu. If talked about his work so here have to mentioned that his spread horizon into various fields like, novels, plays, short stories, and essays, ranging from literary and social criticism to children's literature. He is the founder and editor of the Kikuyu-language journal Mũtĩiri. His short story The Upright Revolution: or Why Humans Walk Upright is translated into 90 languages from around the world. During his time ‘A Grain of wheat’ more commented by different critics because one of the reasons was, ‘A Grain of Wheat’ satire on political space which may be experienced by him. According to G.D. Killam and Andrew Gurr view it within the post-colonial frame in which ‘received history is tampered with, rewritten, and realigned from the point of view of the victims of its destructive process’. As per their views that Ngugi writes first three novels (Weep Not, Child, the River Between, and A Grain of Wheat) based on Kenya’s history which was time for independence or freedom of Kenya’s people. Ngugi has sense of views political-novelist-historian way that focused on the political background of Kenya which reflected in the novels but normally reader reads ‘A Grain of Wheat’ mostly as a story of heroism and betrayal of human relationships in a chosen situation. Here my assignment focused on political background and space of voice in ‘ A Grain of Wheat’.

Key words:- A Grain of wheat, Political background, Various movement in South Africa.

• · Acknowledgements:-

                                                          I want to thank to my family members, friends, classmate, teachers, relatives for always enthusiastically supporting me, listening to me talk about this assignments and especially when I was talking about it instead of actually doing it and also spending more times and give me some kind of guideline. One of the my post graduate teacher who telling the story of Heart of darkness into the class before I even knew what it was and in the M.A. level I got some kind of different clues which I never get during post graduate level. Reading again and again leads to me read between the lines. When I read some part from the book of ‘ A Grain of Wheat’ and reading some materials from the web sources at that time all the characters will always stay with me and I felt that I became victim of so thank you to all who constant support, encouragement, and inspiration! My dear classmate, I came to you with a dream of writing my assignments about ‘A Grain of Wheat’ as a based Political, historical and space of voice into the novel. Thank you to all for your enthusiasm and help to make this assignment as a reality!

• · Introduction:-

                                                         Ngugi has presented his ideas on various factors like as literature, culture and politics through the novels, essays and lectures which is collaboration in

A) Homecoming (1972),

B) Writers in Politics (1981),

C) Barrel of a Pen (1983),

D) Moving the Centre (1993), and

E) Penpoints, Gunpoints, and Dreams (1998).

                                                   In Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature, Ngugi mentioned that African-language literature as the only authentic voice for Africans and stated his own intention of writing into only in Kikuyu or Kiswahili from that point on. Such works earned him a reputation as one of Africa’s most articulate social critics.

                                                   Ngugi’s wrote so many novel, his third novel is ‘ A Grain of Wheat’ which set background at Kenya on the event of Independence deals mainly with the events leading up to Independence. During that time there were the slow awakenings happen about movement and consciousness among the Africans against a background of historical events. That’s culminated in the formation of a party led by Jomo Kenyatta and Harry Thuku in the struggle for freedom.

                                                 However, it was the story of the white men who established their rules and right to suppress the freedom struggle and capture and imprison members of the Mau-Mau. They put them in detention camps where they doing cruelly like physically or mentally tortured for handled to revolt against the colonial government or British government. There were pioneers who dislike the chaos and destruction. They had reasoned nevertheless to see a genuine movement for freedom on the part of the utilized and dispossessed Africans, as subversive and needing repression. As John Thompson, the white administrative secretary writes in his diary:

                                               “No government can tolerate anarchy; no civilization can be built on this violence and savagery. Mau Mau is evil: a movement which if not checked will mean complete destruction of all the values on which our civilization has thriven.”
                                               Let’s discuss about the novel, ‘A Grain of Wheat’ ant try to notice that what extended into the culture of African, experiences and predicament are depicted in it.

• · Social circumstances:-

                                                         Here in the novel Ngugi try to put the social circumstances through his characters of the novel and specially put into the background of a Mau Mau refusal to accept movement against pioneer government which these figures lived their lives. He showed the causes of the refusal to accept and he given very much at pains for example, In the novel one of the character tortured through the speeches and actions who used as the freedom fighter and to make his readers to know the genuineness of the struggle. The background was kept firmly in control. The novelist mainly wants to examine the frailty of human being which was revealed through the states of mind of the characters who the producer of the violence of the independence struggle.

• · Betrayed to the British:-

                                                                   In the novel there were four central characters who are Mugo, Gikonyo, Mumbi, and Karanja. Their dominated by their lives through remembrance of Kihika who was betrayed to the British by one of the villagers and was hanged. His companion in their arms had survived the struggle and come to the village, Thabai for discover the betrayer and to publiccly declare to be wrong him at the Uhuru function.

                                                                  Ngugi has skill of make every moments in to current time and he used flash back technique and the narrative technique, he adopts in conformity with T.S.Eliot Seminal Critical essay, “Tradition and the Individual Talent”. So that he stripped away from the layers of their lives and each character at the end of the novel also stands fully revealed. Out of the recollections of these people we come to know Kihika and understand the motives which made him a forest fighter.

• · Revolution as a betrayed:-

                                                             Uhuru Day celebrted as a solemn day for the people of Thabai in South Africa. A hero’s played role as surveyed and found wanting. Through him the revolution was betrayed. General R. also surveys the causes and achievement of the independence movement. He finds that the revolution has been betrayed: You ask why we fought, why we lived in the forest with wild beasts. You ask why we killed and spilt blood.

                                                             As we know that Human beings sometimes allow themselves to become content with the status quo by going along with what is undemanding or less stressful. That having been said, it is understandable that some individuals would prefer to choose peace rather than violence, especially if it means staying in their comfort zone. This seems to have been the case amongst many of the Kikuyu people during the Mau Mau revolt, as alluded to by Ngugi wa Thiongo in his fictional narrative. In A Grain of Wheat, one of the women (Wumbuka, Kihika’s wife), for instance, tries to talk Kihika out of revolting against the British.

• · Mau Mau Oath and Identity:-

                                                                In the novel’s one of the character Gikonyo’s confession of the Mau Mau Oath is an act of betrayal at the end. He behaved like the other detainees in the prison, he had been demoralized by the cold-blooded murder of Gatu. Betrayal Gikonyo was impact by his desire to join his Mumbi who described as pure, an incorruptible reality in a world of changing shadows. Her purity crashed by him. Gikonyo return home only to be disillusioned. Mumbi became mother of one child by Karanja during his absence. Karanja admited his oath and as a betrayed by his friend’s wife. It is extremely painful to Gikonyo. He says:

                                                           “There is nothing so 132 painful as finding that a friend, or a man you always trusted, has betrayed you.” (122)

                                                            Gikonyo found his identity and fulfillment through his involvement in love with Mumbi. He shifted the identity of ‘purity’ to Mugo, “without realizing that Mugo is not an angel.” According to him,
                                                          “Mugo’s purity, Mumbi’s unfaithfulness, everything had conspired to undermine his manhood.” (123).
                                                           But the fact is that none is pure in the world of adulterated relationships, as delineated in the novel, ‘ A Grain of Wheat’.

• · Mugo as a hero or betrayal?:- 

                                                     

                                                        The novel begins with Uhuru celebration, Here Uhuru means freedom or fight for the independence but in the novel after few days away, Mugo faced with a new challenge: the Party has questioned that he was a hero of the Kenyan struggle who lead to the lJhuru ceremonies in Thabai. He must now came to terms with himself. The only honorable course is to admit to himself his own perfection and frailty and to confess the responsibility for Kihika's death before the village. 

• · Who is real enemies?:-

                                                        The challenges laid before Kihika and Mugo differed in several respects. Kihika's enemy was the British, a plain and external threaded. His strategy was that physical combat in which he risked his life. I contrasted that Mugo's enemy is his own fears and desires, he has an internal, mental struggle in which he may loosed both his life and his fragile honor. Kihika's objective had cleared and straightforward in front of the expulsion of the British but Mugo's had less obvious and he rewarded less certain, for there will be no honor when Mugo true to himself at last, admits his crime.

• · Struggle of Kenya :-

                                                       Kenya was colonized by the British in 1895 and it was not independent until 1963. In the subsequent years of the country struggled to negotiate a post-colonial reality in which the divisions caused by political and economic oppression, the Emergency, violence, racism, exploitation of rivalry and competition amongst Kenyans, and psychological trauma endured and deepened. Even though Ngugi did not take his readers into the days after colonialism, Ngugi hinted at the difficulties the characters will face. Thompson's claimed that Africa will always need Europe may not be true in the sense he wishes it to be, but it was prescient in that Europe's involvement in the region can never fully be erased. Finally, on a more personal level, all of the characters lived or affected by colonialism whether they are in detention camps or the Movement or losing their homes and land or trying to repair their fractured families or dealing with paternalistic colonial administrators. Colonialism is an inescapable reality even after it is ostensibly over.

• · Role of women & Children:-

                                                           Some outsiders probably thought it cruel and barbaric that so many innocent lives were taken during the revolt, especially those of innocent children who had no say or part in the matter. Mowever, thought otherwise and felt that all opposed to the revolt should be put to death. Interestingly, some in the latter group were women who were determined to help in every way they could to end their suffering under British rule.


                                                                  Thus, Ngugi wa Thiong’o insightfully employs fictional characters such as Njeri, Wambuku’s friend, to illustrated that sentiment. Unlike Wambuku who was unwilling to live outside of her comfort zone, Njeri had an entirely different view on the matter. She, though partly out of her love for Kihika, is determined to help Kihika fight against the British in an effort to prevent them from exercising dominance over their land. Even though petite in stature, Njeri was depicted as being robust, detests “women’s weaknesses” and at one stage calls out toward the forest, promising Kihika that she will join him in the fight against the British.
                                                                  Wambui, for example, She was not only a symbolic figure but plays the role of a middle-aged woman who during the revolt, conveys secrets in between the villages and towns to those hiding in the forest. 

• · Conclusion:- 

                                                               At the end inthe conclusion, other hand one can only speculated about what would have happened if the Mau Mau uprising had not taken place. Would Kenya still have been under British rule or would the Kikuyu still have been deprived of their land today? I am of the opinion that Ngugi wa Thiong’o proficiently accomplishes bringing history to life in ‘A Grain of Wheat’. His depiction of the role of women during the Mau Mau emergency was a detailed correspondence of what actually occurred, hence an extremely insightful piece of literature. 

• · Bibliography:-

Dhar, Tej N. " Ngugi’s retrospectiv ospective gaze: The shape of history in" A grain of wheat"." Kunapipi Volume 29.Issue 1 (2007 ): Pages.-1 to 13.

Lotha, Gloria. Ngugi wa Thiong'o. Ed. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 14 February 2020. inc. Encyclopædia Britannica. 05 March 2020 <https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ngugi-wa-Thiongo>.

West-Pavlov, Russell. "“The Politics and Spaces of Voice: Ngũgĩ's A Grain of Wheat and Conrad's Heart of Darkness.”." JSTOR, vol. 44, (2013): pp. 160–175.

Academic tour: Junagadh

Trekking camp: piram bet

Survey on advertisement

financial-committee-lalji

Financial committee lalji from LaljiBaraiya1